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<meta name="description" content="1 Linux在Linux环境可以使用getopt解析命令行参数. 1.1 mainmain()函数声明: 1int main(int argc, char *argv[]); 从命令行传递给程序main()函数的包含两个部分的内容, argc 参数包含参数的计数值，而 argv 包含指向这些参数的指针数组. 1.2 getopt函数getopt位于unistd.h系统头文件中. Windows">
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<meta property="og:description" content="1 Linux在Linux环境可以使用getopt解析命令行参数. 1.1 mainmain()函数声明: 1int main(int argc, char *argv[]); 从命令行传递给程序main()函数的包含两个部分的内容, argc 参数包含参数的计数值，而 argv 包含指向这些参数的指针数组. 1.2 getopt函数getopt位于unistd.h系统头文件中. Windows">
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="1 Linux在Linux环境可以使用getopt解析命令行参数. 1.1 mainmain()函数声明: 1int main(int argc, char *argv[]); 从命令行传递给程序main()函数的包含两个部分的内容, argc 参数包含参数的计数值，而 argv 包含指向这些参数的指针数组. 1.2 getopt函数getopt位于unistd.h系统头文件中. Windows">



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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">C++命令行参数解析</h1>
        

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        <h1 id="1-Linux"><a href="#1-Linux" class="headerlink" title="1 Linux"></a>1 Linux</h1><p>在Linux环境可以使用getopt解析命令行参数.</p>
<h2 id="1-1-main"><a href="#1-1-main" class="headerlink" title="1.1 main"></a>1.1 main</h2><p>main()函数声明:</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> argc, <span class="keyword">char</span> *argv[])</span></span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>从命令行传递给程序main()函数的包含两个部分的内容, argc 参数包含参数的计数值，而 argv 包含指向这些参数的指针数组.</p>
<h2 id="1-2-getopt"><a href="#1-2-getopt" class="headerlink" title="1.2 getopt"></a>1.2 getopt</h2><p>函数getopt位于unistd.h系统头文件中. Windows 没有这个头文件, 所有建议在Linux中使用.</p>
<p>getopt原型</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">getopt</span><span class="params">( <span class="keyword">int</span> argc, <span class="keyword">char</span> *<span class="keyword">const</span> argv[], <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> *optstring )</span></span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>给定了命令参数的数量 (argc)、指向这些参数的数组 (argv) 和选项字符串 (optstring) 后，getopt() 将返回第一个选项，并设置一些全局变量。使用相同的参数再次调用该函数时，它将返回下一个选项，并设置相应的全局变量。如果不再有识别到的选项，将返回 -1，此任务就完成了。</p>
<p>getopt() 所设置的全局变量包括：</p>
<ul>
<li>optarg – 指向当前选项参数（如果有）的指针。</li>
<li>optind – 再次调用 getopt() 时的下一个 argv 指针的索引。</li>
<li>optopt – 最后一个已知选项。</li>
</ul>
<p>对于每个选项，选项字符串 (optstring) 中都包含一个对应的字符。具有参数的选项（如示例中的 -l 和 -o 选项）后面跟有一个 : 字符。示例所使用的 optstring 为 Il:o:vh?（前面提到，还要支持最后两个用于打印程序的使用方法消息的选项）。</p>
<p>可以重复调用 getopt()，直到其返回 -1 为止；任何剩下的命令行参数通常视为文件名或程序相应的其他内容。</p>
<h2 id="1-3-示例"><a href="#1-3-示例" class="headerlink" title="1.3 示例"></a>1.3 示例</h2><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;unistd.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;string&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> argc, <span class="keyword">char</span>* argv[])</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span> file_name;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">int</span> c = <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">bool</span> s_internal = <span class="literal">false</span>;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">bool</span> c_internal = <span class="literal">false</span>;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">while</span> ((c = getopt(argc, argv, <span class="string">"scf:h"</span>)) != <span class="number">-1</span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">switch</span> (c) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">'c'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        c_internal = <span class="literal">true</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">'s'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        s_internal = <span class="literal">true</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">'f'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        file_name = optarg;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">'h'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">break</span>;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">':'</span>:   <span class="comment">/* missing option argument */</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">fprintf</span>(<span class="built_in">stderr</span>, <span class="string">"%s: option `-%c' requires an argument\n"</span>, argv[<span class="number">0</span>], optopt);</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">throw</span> <span class="string">"requires an argument"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">case</span> <span class="string">'?'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="keyword">default</span>:    <span class="comment">/* invalid option */</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">fprintf</span>(<span class="built_in">stderr</span>, <span class="string">"%s: option `-%c' is invalid: ignored\n"</span>, argv[<span class="number">0</span>], optopt);</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">throw</span> <span class="string">"option invalid"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">   </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="2-Windows"><a href="#2-Windows" class="headerlink" title="2 Windows"></a>2 Windows</h1><p>在Windows可以使用的Boost.Program_options库解析命令行参数.</p>
<h2 id="2-1-示例"><a href="#2-1-示例" class="headerlink" title="2.1 示例"></a>2.1 示例</h2><figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;iostream&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;boost/program_options.hpp&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> argc, <span class="keyword">char</span> *argv[])</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">namespace</span> po = boost::program_options;</span><br><span class="line">        po::<span class="function">options_description <span class="title">desc</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">"Allowed options"</span>)</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line">        desc.add_options()</span><br><span class="line">            (<span class="string">"xml_to_xls,x"</span>, po::value&lt;<span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(), <span class="string">"from_xml_to_xls"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            (<span class="string">"xls_to_xml,s"</span>, po::value&lt;<span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(), <span class="string">"from_xls_to_xml"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            (<span class="string">"out,o"</span>, po::value&lt;<span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(), <span class="string">"assign output file name"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">        po::variables_map vm;</span><br><span class="line">        po::store(parse_command_line(argc, argv, desc), vm);</span><br><span class="line">        po::notify(vm);</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span> out_file;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> (vm.count(<span class="string">"out"</span>)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            out_file = vm[<span class="string">"out"</span>].as&lt;<span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> (vm.count(<span class="string">"xml_to_xls"</span>)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            from_xml_to_xls(vm[<span class="string">"xml_to_xls"</span>].as&lt;<span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(), out_file);</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> (vm.count(<span class="string">"xls_to_xml"</span>)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            from_xls_to_xml(vm[<span class="string">"xls_to_xml"</span>].as&lt;<span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">string</span>&gt;(), out_file);</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">cout</span> &lt;&lt; desc;</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (ModalDefToolException&amp; e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">cout</span> &lt;&lt; e.what()&lt;&lt;  <span class="string">"\n"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (<span class="built_in">std</span>::logic_error&amp; e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">cout</span> &lt;&lt; e.what()&lt;&lt;  <span class="string">"\n"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (...) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">std</span>::<span class="built_in">cout</span> &lt;&lt; <span class="string">"Unkown exception\n"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="2-2-组件"><a href="#2-2-组件" class="headerlink" title="2.2 组件"></a>2.2 组件</h2><p>program_options的使用主要通过下面三个组件完成：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>组件名</th>
<th>作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>options_description(选项描述器)</td>
<td>描述当前的程序定义了哪些选项</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>parse_command_line(选项分析器)</td>
<td>解析由命令行输入的参数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>variables_map(选项存储器)</td>
<td>容器,用于存储解析后的选项</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="2-3-流程"><a href="#2-3-流程" class="headerlink" title="2.3 流程"></a>2.3 流程</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">st=&gt;start: Start</span><br><span class="line">ed=&gt;end: End</span><br><span class="line">op1=&gt;operation: 构造option_description对象和variables_map对象</span><br><span class="line">op2=&gt;operation: add_options(): 向option_description对象添加选项</span><br><span class="line">op3=&gt;operation: parse_command_line(): 将命令行输入的参数解析出来</span><br><span class="line">op4=&gt;operation: store(): 将解析出的选项存储至variables_map中</span><br><span class="line">op5=&gt;operation: notify(): 通知variables_map去更新所有的外部变量</span><br><span class="line">op6=&gt;operation: count(): 检测某个选项是否被输入</span><br><span class="line">op7=&gt;operation: operator[]: 取出选项的值</span><br><span class="line">st-&gt;op1-&gt;op2-&gt;op3-&gt;op4-&gt;op5-&gt;op6-&gt;op7-&gt;ed</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="2-4-下载"><a href="#2-4-下载" class="headerlink" title="2.4 下载"></a>2.4 下载</h2><p>Boost已经提供了编译好的Visual Studio版本, 可以直接<a href="https://dl.bintray.com/boostorg/release/1.65.1/binaries/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">下载</a>使用.</p>

      
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